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The Population Protection against Floods in the Town of Ústí nad Orlicí
Ruhásová, Aranka ; Hradil, Jaroslav (referee) ; Nykodým, Josef (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the topic of population protection against floods. In the thesis are explained the basic terms of this topic, the equipment used in protection against flooding, flood authorities and law both in the CR and the EU. Work includes further description of the programs on flood modeling and risk analysis. Another part is devoted to the assessment of preparedness of the CR and the EU, evaluation of the previous flood of 1997, 2002 and 2006. In the last chapter all of information obtained are applied on the place of interest and assessed the readiness and the ability to improve the situation in flood protection.
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Comparison of genomes by synteny block analysis
Pavel, Tomáš ; Škutková, Helena (referee) ; Maděránková, Denisa (advisor)
The theoretical part of this bachelor thesis is aimed at basics of genetics. Term of gene and mutation are introduced in this section. There are gene and chromosome mutations mentioned and described. Following section is devoted to comparative genomics and especially to synteny. There is described what the synteny actually is and how the synteny arises. The end of the theoretical part of this thesis is about the evolution and there are described ways of sorting permutation vectors. The practical part of this bachelor thesis includes description of developed software. Output of this software is a dot-plot which shows detected synteny blocks. Indexes of these blocks are listed in GUI. The second important output is number of permutation steps. This number determines evolutionary distance between two analysed DNA sequences. The very last section is aimed at analyse of synthetic and real DNA sequences.
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Use of polarimetry and refractometry for determination of invert sugar concentration in invert syrups
Mrůzková, Karolína ; Šárka,, Evžen (referee) ; Hamtil,, Roman (advisor)
Invert syrup is a liquid sweetener, which is produced by sucrose hydrolysis to form fructose and glucose. Important qualitative parameter of invert syrup is the sucrose inversion – weight percentage of invert sugar (sum of fructose and glucose) in invert syrup dry mass. This diploma thesis presents a possibility of sucrose inversion determination by polarimetry in combination with refractometry in invert syrups of 70–78 % dry mass produced at 80 °C and pH 2,4. New relationship describing the sucrose inversion as a function of polarization and refractometric dry mass was determined. The results of sucrose inversion determined using this new relationship were compared to results obtained by HPLC/RI, which was used as a reference method. The difference between these 2 determination methods was 0,1 ± 0,5 %. The new relationship was detemined with reference to the fact, that under the processing conditions, more glucose than fructose is formed. The fructose : glucose concentration ratio formed under processing conditions was observed to be equal 0,96 ± 0,02.
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Current genomic and cytogenomic methods in analysis of chromosome rearrangements
Buryšová, Sára ; Sember, Alexandr (advisor) ; Mandáková, Terezie (referee)
Chromosome rearrangements represent one of the major mechanisms driving the eukaryotic genome evolution. They may significantly contribute to reproductive isolation and diversification, including the evolution of complex life-history traits linked e.g. with local adaptation. They are structural changes leading to alteration in the morphology and/or number of chromosomes, which can have a direct effect on the evolution of genes and their expression profiles, the frequency and distribution of recombination in the genome, and the functional dynamics of processes operating in the interphase nucleus. However, they may be also causal for etiology (or a consequence) of inherent diseases and tumorigenesis. The study of chromosome rearrangements and the mechanisms of their emergence is related to the identification and characterization of rearrangement breakpoints (i.e. where double-strand break occurred and chromosome segments subsequently rejoined). One possibility is to analyze chromosomes and interspecific changes in the arrangement of linkage groups/synteny blocks using cytogenetic and cytogenomic methods (e.g. cross-species mapping of whole-chromosome hybridization probes). More detailed insight is provided by comparative genomics, nowadays mainly represented by so-called third-generation methods (the...
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Studying the evolution of chromosome rearrangements in pipid frogs using in situ hybridization
Bergelová, Barbora ; Knytl, Martin (advisor) ; Johnson Pokorná, Martina (referee)
In African pipid frogs we can find at least eight polyploidization events in which a lot of levels of ploidy arose. This group includes diploid, tetraploid, octoploid, and/or dodecaploid species. Due to this great variability in ploidy levels, representatives of the genus Xenopus are excellent model organisms for studying the evolution of whole-genome duplications and chromosomal rearrangements. Currently, little information is known about chromosomal rearrangements within the Xenopus species, specifically, there are only two known cases of large-scale rearrangements. The first is a fusion of chromosomes 9 and 10 in the subgenus Xenopus and the other rearrangement is a non-reciprocal translocation occurring between chromosomes 2 and 9 in the subgenus Silurana. In this diploma thesis, we attempted to expand the knowledge about chromosomal rearrangements using the fluorescence in situ hybridization method. We confirmed the fusion of chromosomes 9 and 10 in other species of the Xenopus genus, such as X. pygmaeus, and proposed a hypothesis about the possibility that this fusion occurred in the common diploid ancestors of this subgenus. We also gained further insights into the origin of non-reciprocal translocation within the Silurana subgenus. This translocation was not detected in the species X....
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Karyotype evolution in estrildid finches of the genus Lonchura
Janáková, Šárka ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Augstenová, Barbora (referee)
The karyotype, the set of all chromosomes in a cell, is an important characteristics of individual species of both animals and plants. The karyotype of birds is typically stable in terms of the number of chromosomes and their size, and rearrangements between different chromosomes are rare. The changes that occur between the karyotypes of avian species are more often intrachromosomal, such as inversions or duplications and deletions. It is still unclear how often such changes occur between closely related species and whether they can contribute to speciation. This work aims to compare the karyotypes of a total of five closely related species of songbirds of the genus Lonchura (munias and mannikins). Comparing chromosomal changes in such recently diverged species allows us to observe changes that might contribute to speciation. The study is based on karyotype analysis by immunofluorescence staining of synapsed pachytene chromosomes and subsequent identification and comparison of chromosome types. This method allows determination of the changes that are manifested by pericentric inversions where the position of the centromere is changed. The results confirm the general idea of avian karyotypes as very conservative in terms of chromosome number and their sizes. However, in some chromosomes we observed...
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Magnetic polarity in concretions
Smrčinová, Lucie ; Kletetschka, Günther (advisor) ; Adamovič, Jiří (referee)
Terrestrial iron oxides, such as hematite, goethite and magnetite, form specifically cemented concretions in sandstones using an aqueous diagenetic solution. According to the new results, the timeline on which concretions are formed could be much larger than current estimates. The basis for this claim is a magnetic record of the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone in Utah. The record contains fluctuations of remanent magnetization, which could prove the inversion of the Earth's magnetic field. This observation suggests that the time axis of the accumulation of iron concretions is comparable to the time axis of the accumulation of marine iron-manganese nodules, which contain a complex magnetic record. The occurrence of extremely slow changes in iron deposition in sandstones also helps to better understand the origin of concretions. In addition, terrestrial concretions provide an analogy for the "blueberries" found by the Mars rover Opportunity on Mars. These concretions probably underwent similar formation processes and could record inversions of the early magnetic dynamo on Mars.
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Use of polarimetry and refractometry for determination of invert sugar concentration in invert syrups
Mrůzková, Karolína ; Šárka,, Evžen (referee) ; Hamtil,, Roman (advisor)
Invert syrup is a liquid sweetener, which is produced by sucrose hydrolysis to form fructose and glucose. Important qualitative parameter of invert syrup is the sucrose inversion – weight percentage of invert sugar (sum of fructose and glucose) in invert syrup dry mass. This diploma thesis presents a possibility of sucrose inversion determination by polarimetry in combination with refractometry in invert syrups of 70–78 % dry mass produced at 80 °C and pH 2,4. New relationship describing the sucrose inversion as a function of polarization and refractometric dry mass was determined. The results of sucrose inversion determined using this new relationship were compared to results obtained by HPLC/RI, which was used as a reference method. The difference between these 2 determination methods was 0,1 ± 0,5 %. The new relationship was detemined with reference to the fact, that under the processing conditions, more glucose than fructose is formed. The fructose : glucose concentration ratio formed under processing conditions was observed to be equal 0,96 ± 0,02.
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An Unusual Approach to Circular Inversion
Šebek, Jakub ; Škorpilová, Martina (advisor) ; Boček, Leo (referee)
This bachelor thesis aims to present the topic of circular inversion in a closer way to the non-standard knowledge of high school students actively competing in Mathematical Olympiads. The first chapter describes the topic of antiparallel lines, a relatively common knowledge among such students. The second chapter introduces an antiparallel mapping which is actually a circular inversion, but deduced solely from the properties of antiparallel lines. We consider this way of introduction to be original and closer to the principle of solving more complex olympiad problems using circular inversion. In the following two chapters the topics of power of a point and cross ratio are described and their connection to antiparallel map is shown. In those chapters the circular inversion itself is also introduced and many of its properties are proven. In the last chapter, we solve the Problem of Apollonius and prove the Feuerbach's theorem using inversion. 1
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